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| Curci,VCM; Nogueira,AHC; Nobrega,FLC; Araujo,RF; Perri,SHV; Cardoso,TC; Dutra,IS. |
| Types C and D strains of Clostridium botulinum are commonly related to avian and mammalian botulism. Although there are numerous vaccine recommendations, little research has been conducted to indicate the real effectiveness of vaccine timing or the ideal immunization protocol for young beef calves. Four commercially available vaccines, two bivalent (Clostridium botulinum types C and D; vaccines 1 and 2) and two polyvalent (all Clostridium spp. including Clostridium botulinum types C and D; vaccines 3 and 4), that are currently used in Brazilian herds, were tested in order to verify the maternal immune response. One hundred cows, divided into four vaccinated groups and one unvaccinated group, were given a two-dose subcutaneous immunization, at day zero,... |
| Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other |
Palavras-chave: Clostridium botulinum; Neonatal immunity; Cattle; Botulism; Brazil. |
| Ano: 2010 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1678-91992010000300018 |
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| Bali,J.; Thakur,R.. |
| Botulinum toxin is the most potent toxin known. It is readily absorbed from mucosal surfaces. If dispersed as an aerosol or mixed in the food or water it can lead to a large outbreak of botulism. The disease presents as a symmetric descending paralysis in an afebrile patient. Cranial nerve involvement with diplopia, dysarthria, dysphonia, dysphagia and respiratory paralysis is seen after a variable incubation period. The treatment is mainly supportive. The source of the toxin is Clostridium botulinum, an anaerobic gram-positive spore-forming organism. Some other species of Clostridium like C. butyricum and C. baratii also produce the toxin. The toxin is heat labile and can be inactivated by heating at 100°C for 10 minutes. The toxin acts at the peripheral... |
| Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Botulinum toxin; Mechanism of action; Botulism; Therapeutics. |
| Ano: 2005 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1678-91992005000400003 |
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